LAWRENCE & LIVINGSTON. The production of high-speed protons without the use of high voltages, p. 834 in Physical Review Vol. 38, No. 4, August 15, 1931; LAWRENCE & LIVINGSTON. The production of high speed light ions without the use of high voltages, in Physical Review Vol. 40, No. 1, April 1, 1932; LAWRENCE, LIVINGSTON & WHITE. Disintegration of Lithium by swiftly moving protons, pp. 150-1 in Physical Review Vol. 42, No. 1, October 1, 1932; HENDERSON. The disintegration of lithium by protons of high energy, in Physical Review Vol. 43, No. 2, January 15, 1933; LIVINGSTON & LAWRENCE. The disintegration of aluminium by swiflty moving protons, in Physical Review Vol. 43, No. 5, March 1, 1933. CYCLOTRON - SPLITTING THE ATOM: NOBEL PRIZE 1939

LAWRENCE, E. O., LIVINGSTON, M. S., WHITE, M. G., HENDERSON, M. C., BAINBRIDGE, K. T.

Verlag: Lancaster, PA & New York, NY: American Physical Society

Beschreibung

First editions, journal issues in original printed wrappers, of these papers which document the first use of the cyclotron and its use to 'split the atom', the first artificially-indiced transmutation of one element into another. The first paper briefly describes the first successful trial of a cyclotron; a more comprehensive description was published in the second paper. The third paper describes the use of the cyclotron to 'split the atom', i.e., split the nucleus of an atom (lithium) by bombarding it with protons. Lawrence and his research group at Berkeley were the first group in America to achieve this, following by a few weeks the successful experiments of Cockcroft and Walton at Cambridge, England. Henderson, a member of Lawrence's research group at Berkeley, continued the work of Cockcroft & Walton and of Lawrence, Livingston and White. He was able to use higher energy protons than in the earlier experiments, and concluded that the probability of disintegration of the individual lithium nucleus is independent of the energy of the proton above 400 keV. The last paper reports the success of Lawrence's team in splitting the nucleus of aluminium atoms. "A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator in which charged particles accelerate outwards from the center along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency) electric field . . . For several decades, cyclotrons were the best source of high-energy beams for nuclear physics experiments" (Wikipedia). Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-1958) was professor of Physics at University of California, Berkeley and the first director of its radiation laboratory. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1939) for "the invention and development of the cyclotron and for the results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements". Vol. 42, No. 1 also contains Kenneth Bainbridge's paper 'Isotopic weight of H2', in which he describes the use of his own type of mass spectrometer to accurately measure isotopic masses. Comparing mass differences with the energies measured in nuclear decays, he was able to give the first experimental check of the validity of Einstein's mass-energy equivalence relation, E=Mc2. "The results of atomic mass measurements in cooperation with disintegration experiments furnish an experimental proof of the equivalence of mass and energy deduced theoretically by Einstein" (Beller et al, Einstein in Context (1993), p. 198). Five complete journal issues, large 8vo. Original printed wrappers. Bestandsnummer des Verkäufers ABE-1609937717461

Bibliografische Details

Titel: LAWRENCE & LIVINGSTON. The production of ...

Verlag: Lancaster, PA & New York, NY: American Physical Society

Einband: Soft cover

Zustand: Near Fine

Auflage: 1st Edition