Understanding Bioanalytical Chemistry: Principles and Applications - Hardcover

Gault, Victor A.; McClenaghan, Neville H.

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0470029064 ISBN 13: 9780470029060

Verlag: Wiley, 2009

Inhaltsangabe

"The title captures the ethos and content precisely. It brings basic chemistry into real life with examples that illustrate how chemical principals are inherent to bioanalytical procedures, making them accessible to readers with a background in life sciences." –Microbiology Today, July 2009

“… a good overview of the basic strategies to tackle the complexity of analysis in biological environments and provides some illustrative examples for a better understanding of the theoretical concepts… provides a fundamental introduction to the tools adopted by life and health scientists in the evolving and exciting new age of “omics” specifically applied to the diagnosis, treatment, cure and prevention of disease…” –Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, October 2009

Although chemistry is core to the life and health sciences, it is often viewed as a challenging subject.

Conventional textbooks tend to present chemistry in a way that is not always easily accessible to students, particularly those coming from diverse educational backgrounds, who may not have formally studied chemistry before.

This prompted the authors to write this particular textbook, taking a new, fresh and innovative approach to teaching and learning of chemistry, focusing on bioanalysis to set knowledge in context. This textbook is primarily targeted to undergraduate life and health science students, but may be a useful resource for practising scientists in a range of disciplines.

In this textbook the authors have covered basic principles, terminology and core technologies, which include key modern experimental techniques and equipment used to analyse important biomolecules in diagnostic, industrial and research settings.

Written by two authors with a wealth of experience in teaching, research and academic enterprise, this textbook represents an invaluable tool for students and instructors across the diverse range of biological and health science courses.

Key Features:

• Innovative, stand alone teaching and learning resource to enhance delivery of undergraduate chemistry provision to life and health scientists.
• Develops student knowledge and understanding of core concepts with reference to relevant, real-life, examples.
• Clearly written and user-friendly, with numerous full colour illustrations, annotated images, diagrams and tables to enhance learning.
• Incorporates a modern approach to teaching and learning to motivate the reader and encourage student-centred learning.
• Dr Victor Gault has been named recipient of the Rising Star Award 2009 by the internationally acclaimed European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

Dr Victor A Gault?and Dr Neville H McClenaghan, both of School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK.

Von der hinteren Coverseite

Although chemistry is core to the life and health sciences, it is often viewed as a challenging subject.

Conventional textbooks tend to present chemistry in a way that is not always easily accessible to students, particularly those coming from diverse educational backgrounds, who may not have formally studied chemistry before.

This prompted the authors to write this particular textbook, taking a new, fresh and innovative approach to teaching and learning of chemistry, focussing on bioanalysis to set knowledge in context. This textbook is primarily targeted to undergraduate life and health science students, but may be a useful resource for practising scientists in a range of disciplines.

In this textbook the authors have covered basic principles, terminology and core technologies, which include key modern experimental techniques and equipment used to analyse important biomolecules in diagnostic, industrial and research settings.

Written by two authors with a wealth of experience in teaching, research and academic enterprise, this textbook represents an invaluable tool for students and instructors across the diverse range of biological and health science courses.

• Innovative, stand alone teaching and learning resource to enhance delivery of undergraduate chemistry provision to life and health scientists.
• Develops student knowledge and understanding of core concepts with reference to relevant, real-life, examples.
• Clearly written and user-friendly, with numerous full colour illustrations, annotated images, diagrams and tables to enhance learning.
• Incorporates a modern approach to teaching and learning to motivate the reader and encourage student-centred learning.

Conventional textbooks tend to present chemistry in a way that is not always easily accessible to students, particularly those coming from diverse educational backgrounds, who may not have formally studied chemistry before.

This prompted the authors to write this particular textbook, taking a new, fresh and innovative approach to teaching and learning of chemistry, focussing on bioanalysis to set knowledge in context. This textbook is primarily targeted to undergraduate life and health science students, but may be a useful resource for practising scientists in a range of disciplines.

In this textbook the authors have covered basic principles, terminology and core technologies, which include key modern experimental techniques and equipment used to analyse important biomolecules in diagnostic, industrial and research settings.

Written by two authors with a wealth of experience in teaching, research and academic enterprise, this textbook represents an invaluable tool for students and instructors across the diverse range of biological and health science courses.

• Innovative, stand alone teaching and learning resource to enhance delivery of undergraduate chemistry provision to life and health scientists.
• Develops student knowledge and understanding of core concepts with reference to relevant, real-life, examples.
• Clearly written and user-friendly, with numerous full colour illustrations, annotated images, diagrams and tables to enhance learning.
• Incorporates a modern approach to teaching and learning to motivate the reader and encourage student-centred learning.

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Understanding Bioanalytical Chemistry

Principles and ApplicationsBy Victor A. Gault Neville H. McClenaghan

John Wiley & Sons

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-470-02906-0

Chapter One

Introduction to biomolecules

Bioanalytical chemistry relies on the identification and characterization of particles and compounds, particularly those involved with life and health processes. Living matter comprises certain key elements, and in mammals the most abundant of these, representing around 97% of dry weight of humans, are: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S). However, other elements such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and chlorine (Cl), although less abundant, nevertheless play a very significant role in organ function. In addition, miniscule amounts of so-called trace elements, including iron (Fe), play vital roles, regulating biochemical pathways and biological function. By definition, biomolecules are naturally occurring chemical compounds found in living organisms that are constructed from various combinations of key chemical elements. Not surprisingly there are fundamental similarities in the way organisms use such biomolecules to perform diverse tasks such as propagating the species and genetic information, and maintaining energy production and utilization. From this it is evident that much can be learned about the functionality of life processes in higher mammals through the study of micro-organisms and single cells. Indeed, the study of yeast and bacteria allowed genetic mapping before the Human Genome Project. This chapter provides an introduction to significant biomolecules of importance in the life and health sciences, covering their major properties and basic characteristics.

Learning Objectives

To be aware of important chemical and physical characteristics of biomolecules and their components.

To recognize different classifications of biomolecules.

To understand and be able to demonstrate knowledge of key features and characteristics of major biomolecules.

To identify and relate structure-function relationships of biomolecules.

To illustrate and exemplify the impact of biomolecules in nature and science.

1.1 Overview of chemical and physical attributes of biomolecules

Atoms and elements

Chemical elements are constructed from atoms, which are small particles or units that retain the chemical properties of that particular element. Atoms comprise a number of different sub-atomic particles, primarily electrons, protons and neutrons. The nucleus of an atom contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons, and a cloud of negatively charged electrons surrounds this region. Electrons are particularly interesting as they allow atoms to interact (in bonding), and elements to become ions (through loss or gain of electrons). Further topics in atomic theory relevant to bioanalysis will be discussed throughout this book, and an overview of atomic bonding is given below.

Bonding

The physical processes underlying attractive interactions between atoms, elements and molecules are termed chemical bonding. Strong chemical bonds are associated with the sharing or transfer of electrons between bonding atoms, and such bonds hold biomolecules together. Bond strength depends on certain factors, and so-called covalent bonds and ionic bonds are generally categorized as 'strong bonds', while hydrogen bonds and van der Waal's forces of attraction within molecules are examples of 'weak bonds'. These terms are, however, quite subjective, as the strongest 'weak bonds' may well be stronger than the weakest 'strong bonds'. Chemical bonds also help dictate the structure of matter. In essence, covalent bonding (electron sharing) relies on the fact that opposite forces attract, and negatively charged electrons orbiting one atomic nucleus may be attracted to the positively charged nucleus of a neighbouring atom. Ionic bonding involves electrostatic attraction between two neighbouring atoms, where one positively charged nucleus 'forces' the other to become negatively charged (through electron transfer) and, as opposites attract, they bond. Historically, bonding was first considered in the twelfth century, and in the eighteenth century English all-round scientist, Isaac Newton, proposed that a 'force' attached atoms. All bonds can be explained by quantum theory (in very large textbooks), encompassing the octet rule (where eight is the magic number when so-called valence electrons combine), the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (where valence electrons repel each other in such a way as to determine geometrical shape), valence bond theory (including orbital hybridization and resonance) and molecular orbital theory (as electrons are found in discrete orbitals, the position of an electron will dictate whether or not, and how, it will participate in bonding). When considering bonding, some important terms are bond length (separation distance where molecule is most stable), bond energy (energy dependent on separation distance), non-bonding electrons (valence electrons that do not participate in bonding), electronegativity (measure of attraction of bound electrons in polar bonds, where the greater the difference in electronegativity, the more polar the bond). Electron-dot structures or Lewis structures (named after American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis) are helpful ways of conceptualizing simple atomic bonding involving electrons on outer valence shells (see Figure 1.1).

Phases of matter

Matter is loosely defined as anything having mass and taking up space, and is the basic building block of everything. There are three basic phases of matter, namely gas, liquid and solid, with different physical and chemical properties. Matter is maintained in these phases by pressure and temperature, and as conditions change matter can change from one phase to another, for example, solid ice converts to liquid water with rise in temperature. These changes are referred to as phase transitions inherently requiring energy, following the Laws of Thermodynamics. When referring to matter, the word states is sometimes used interchangeably with that of phases, which can cause confusion as, for example, gases may be in different thermodynamic states but the same state of matter. This has led to a decrease in the popularity of the traditional term state of matter. While the general term thermodynamics refers to the effects of heat, pressure and volume on physical systems, chemical thermodynamics studies the relationship of heat to chemical reactions or physical state following the basic Laws of Thermodynamics. Importantly, as energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but rather exchanged or emitted (for example as heat) or stored (for example in chemical bonds), this helps define the physical state of matter.

Physical and chemical properties

Matter comprising biomolecules has distinct physical and chemical properties, which can be measured or observed. However, it is important to note that physical properties are distinct from chemical properties. Whereas physical properties can be directly observed without the need for a change in the chemical composition, the...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Wiley
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2009
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 0470029064
• ISBN 13: 9780470029060
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Auflage: 1
• Anzahl der Seiten: 300
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Wiley-VCH GmbH; product_safety@wiley.com; ; Boschstrasse 12; Weinheim; 69469; Deutschland