Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0471761028 ISBN 13: 9780471761020

Verlag: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2006

Inhaltsangabe

Leading experts explore the exotic properties and exciting applications of electromagnetic metamaterials

Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations gives readers a clearly written, richly illustrated introduction to the most recent research developments in the area of electromagnetic metamaterials. It explores the fundamental physics, the designs, and the engineering aspects, and points to a myriad of exciting potential applications. The editors, acknowledged leaders in the field of metamaterials, have invited a group of leading researchers to present both their own findings and the full array of state-of-the-art applications for antennas, waveguides, devices, and components.

Following a brief overview of the history of artificial materials, the publication divides its coverage into two major classes of metamaterials. The first half of the publication examines effective media with single (SNG) and double negative (DNG) properties; the second half examines electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures. The book further divides each of these classes into their three-dimensional (3D volumetric) and two-dimensional (2D planar or surface) realizations. Examples of each type of metamaterial are presented, and their known and anticipated properties are reviewed.

Collectively, Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations presents a review of recent research advances associated with a highly diverse set of electromagnetic metamaterials. Its multifaceted approach offers readers a combination of theoretical, numerical, and experimental perspectives for a better understanding of their behaviors and their potentialapplications in components, devices, and systems. Extensive reference lists provide opportunities to explore individual topics and classes of metamaterials in greater depth.

With full-color illustrations throughout to clarify concepts and help visualize actual results, this book provides a dynamic, user-friendly resource for students, engineers, physicists, and other researchers in the areas of electromagnetic materials, microwaves, millimeter waves, and optics. It equips newcomers with a basic understanding of metamaterials and their potential applications. Advanced researchers will benefit from thought-provoking perspectives that will deepen their knowledge and lead them to new areas of investigation.

Über diesen Titel

Über die Autorin bzw. den Autor

NADER ENGHETA, PhD, is the H. Nedwill Ramsey Professor in the Department of Electricaland Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. A Guggenheim Fellow, a recipient of the IEEE Third Millennium Medal and the NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award, a Fellow of the IEEE, and a Fellow of the Optical Society of America, he is an Associate Editorof IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters and was an IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Distinguished Lecturer from 1997–1999.

RICHARD W. ZIOLKOWSKI, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering with a joint appointment in the College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona. He was elected by the faculty to be the first Kenneth von Behren Chaired Professor and has been a recipient of the Tau Beta Pi Professor of the Year Award and the IEEE and Eta Kappa Nu Outstanding Teaching Award. Professor Ziolkowski is a Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of the Optical Society of America. He was the 2005 president of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society.

Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations gives readers a clearly written, richly illustrated introduction to the most recent research developments in the area of electromagnetic metamaterials. It explores the fundamental physics, the designs, and the engineering aspects, and points to a myriad of exciting potential applications. The editors, acknowledged leaders in the field of metamaterials, have invited a group of leading researchers to present both their own findings and the full array of state-of-the-art applications for antennas, waveguides, devices, and components.

Following a brief overview of the history of artificial materials, the publication divides its coverage into two major classes of metamaterials. The first half of the publication examines effective media with single (SNG) and double negative (DNG) properties; the second half examines electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures. The book further divides each of these classes into their three-dimensional (3D volumetric) and two-dimensional (2D planar or surface) realizations. Examples of each type of metamaterial are presented, and their known and anticipated properties are reviewed.

Collectively, Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations presents a review of recent research advances associated with a highly diverse set of electromagnetic metamaterials. Its multifaceted approach offers readers a combination of theoretical, numerical, and experimental perspectives for a better understanding of their behaviors and their potentialapplications in components, devices, and systems. Extensive reference lists provide opportunities to explore individual topics and classes of metamaterials in greater depth.

With full-color illustrations throughout to clarify concepts and help visualize actual results, this book provides a dynamic, user-friendly resource for students, engineers, physicists, and other researchers in the areas of electromagnetic materials, microwaves, millimeter waves, and optics. It equips newcomers with a basic understanding of metamaterials and their potential applications. Advanced researchers will benefit from thought-provoking perspectives that will deepen their knowledge and lead them to new areas of investigation.

Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations gives readers a clearly written, richly illustrated introduction to the most recent research developments in the area of electromagnetic metamaterials. It explores the fundamental physics, the designs, and the engineering aspects, and points to a myriad of exciting potential applications. The editors, acknowledged leaders in the field of metamaterials, have invited a group of leading researchers to present both their own findings and the full array of state-of-the-art applications for antennas, waveguides, devices, and components.

Following a brief overview of the history of artificial materials, the publication divides its coverage into two major classes of metamaterials. The first half of the publication examines effective media with single (SNG) and double negative (DNG) properties; the second half examines electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures. The book further divides each of these classes into their three-dimensional (3D volumetric) and two-dimensional (2D planar or surface) realizations. Examples of each type of metamaterial are presented, and their known and anticipated properties are reviewed.

Collectively, Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations presents a review of recent research advances associated with a highly diverse set of electromagnetic metamaterials. Its multifaceted approach offers readers a combination of theoretical, numerical, and experimental perspectives for a better understanding of their behaviors and their potentialapplications in components, devices, and systems. Extensive reference lists provide opportunities to explore individual topics and classes of metamaterials in greater depth.

With full-color illustrations throughout to clarify concepts and help visualize actual results, this book provides a dynamic, user-friendly resource for students, engineers, physicists, and other researchers in the areas of electromagnetic materials, microwaves, millimeter waves, and optics. It equips newcomers with a basic understanding of metamaterials and their potential applications. Advanced researchers will benefit from thought-provoking perspectives that will deepen their knowledge and lead them to new areas of investigation.

Auszug. © Genehmigter Nachdruck. Alle Rechte vorbehalten.

Metamaterials

Physics and Engineering Explorations

John Wiley & Sons

Copyright © 2006 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-471-76102-0

Chapter One

INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, AND SELECTED TOPICS IN FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF METAMATERIALS Richard W. Ziolkowski and Nader Engheta

1.1 INTRODUCTION

To the best of our knowledge, the first attempt to explore the concept of "artificial" materials appears to trace back to the late part of the nineteenth century when in 1898 Jagadis Chunder Bose conducted the first microwave experiment on twisted structures—geometries that were essentially artificial chiral elements by today's terminology. In 1914, Lindman worked on "artificial" chiral media by embedding many randomly oriented small wire helices in a host medium. In 1948, Kock made lightweight microwave lenses by arranging conducting spheres, disks, and strips periodically and effectively tailoring the effective refractive index of the artificial media. Since then, artificial complex materials have been the subject of research for many investigators worldwide. In recent years new concepts in synthesis and novel fabrication techniques have allowed the construction of structures and composite materials that mimic known material responses or that qualitatively have new, physically realizable response functions that do not occur or may not be readily available in nature. These metamaterials can in principle be synthesized by embedding various constituents/inclusions with novel geometric shapes and forms in some host media (Fig. 1.1). Various types of electromagnetic composite media, such as double-negative (DNG) materials, chiral materials, omega media, wire media, bianisotropic media, linear and nonlinear media, and local and nonlocal media, to name a few, have been studied by various research groups worldwide.

As is well known, in particulate composite media, electromagnetic waves interact with the inclusions, inducing electric and magnetic moments, which in turn affect the macroscopic effective permittivity and permeability of the bulk composite "medium." Since metamaterials can be synthesized by embedding artificially fabricated inclusions in a specified host medium or on a host surface, this provides the designer with a large collection of independent parameters (or degrees of freedom)—such as the properties of the host materials; the size, shape, and composition of the inclusions; and the density, arrangement, and alignment of these inclusions—to work with in order to engineer a metamaterial with specific electromagnetic response functions not found in each of the individual constituents. All of these design parameters can play a key role in the final outcome of the synthesis process. Among these, the geometry (or shape) of the inclusions is one that can provide a variety of new possibilities for metamaterials processing.

Recently, the idea of complex materials in which both the permittivity and the permeability possess negative real values at certain frequencies has received considerable attention. In 1967, Veselago theoretically investigated plane-wave propagation in a material whose permittivity and permeability were assumed to be simultaneously negative. His theoretical study showed that for a monochromatic uniform plane wave in such a medium the direction of the Poynting vector is antiparallel to the direction of the phase velocity, contrary to the case of plane-wave propagation in conventional simple media. In recent years, Smith, Schultz, and their group constructed such a composite medium for the microwave regime and demonstrated experimentally the presence of anomalous refraction in this medium.

For metamaterials with negative permittivity and permeability, several names and terminologies have been suggested, such as "left-handed" media; media with negative refractive index; "backward-wave media" (BW media); and "double-negative (DNG)" metamaterials, to name a few. Many research groups all over the world are now studying various aspects of this class of metamaterials, and several ideas and suggestions for future applications of these materials have been proposed.

It is well known that the response of a system to the presence of an electromagnetic field is determined to a large extent by the properties of the materials involved. We describe these properties by defining the macroscopic parameters permittivity ε and permeability µ of these materials. This allows for the classification of a medium as follows. A medium with both permittivity and permeability greater than zero (ε > 0, µ > 0) will be designated a double-positive (DPS) medium. Most naturally occurring media (e.g., dielectrics) fall under this designation. A medium with permittivity less than zero and permeability greater than zero (ε < 0, µ > 0) will be designated an epsilon-negative (ENG) medium. In certain frequency regimes many plasmas exhibit this characteristic. For example, noble metals (e.g., silver, gold) behave in this manner in the infrared (IR) and visible frequency domains. A medium with the permittivity greater than zero and permeability less than zero ( ε > 0, µ < 0) will be designated a munegative (MNG) medium. In certain frequency regimes some gyrotropic materials exhibit this characteristic. Artificial materials have been constructed that also have DPS, ENG, and MNG properties. A medium with both the permittivity and permeability less than zero (ε < 0, µ < 0) will be designated a DNG medium. To date, this class of materials has only been demonstrated with artificial constructs. This medium classification can be graphically illustrated as shown in Figure 1.2.

While one often describes a material by some constant (frequency-independent) value of the permittivity and permeability, in reality all material properties are frequency dependent. There are several material models that have been constructed to describe the frequency response of materials. Because the magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave is smaller than its electric field by the wave impedance of the medium in which it is propagating, one generally focuses attention on how the electron motion in the presence of the nucleus and, hence, the basic dipole moment of this system are changed by the electric field. Understanding this behavior leads to a model of the electric susceptibility of the medium and, hence, its permittivity. On the other hand, there are many media for which the magnetic field response is dominant. One can generally describe the magnetic response of a material in a fashion completely dual to that of the electric field using the magnetic susceptibility and, hence, its permeability. While the magnetic dipoles physically arise from moments associated with current loops, they can be described mathematically by magnetic charge and current analogs of the electric cases.

One of the most well-known material models is the Lorentz model. It is derived by a description of the electron motion in terms of a driven, damped harmonic oscillator. To simplify the discussion, we will assume that the charges are allowed to move in the same direction as the electric field. The Lorentz model then describes the temporal response of a component of the polarization field of the medium to the same component of the electric field as

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.1)

The first term on the left accounts for the acceleration of the charges, the second accounts for the damping mechanisms of the system with damping coefficient...

Details zur Ausgabe

• Verlag: Wiley-IEEE Press
• Erscheinungsdatum: 2006
• Sprache: Englisch
• ISBN 10: 0471761028
• ISBN 13: 9780471761020
• Einband: Gebundene Ausgabe
• Auflage: 1
• Anzahl der Seiten: 440
• Herausgeber: Engheta Nader, Ziolkowski Richard W.
• Kontakt zum Hersteller: Wiley-VCH GmbH; product_safety@wiley.com; ; Boschstrasse 12; Weinheim; 69469; Deutschland