fritz strassmann (67 Ergebnisse)

Interims-Broschur, 23,5 x 16 cm, IV, S. 163 - 352; unaufgeschnitten. Broschur leicht gebrauchsspurig, innen sauber und sehr gut.

15 x 21 cm. Zustand: Sehr gut. 2., kaum veränderte Auflage. 24 Seiten Originalbroschur. Sehr gut erhaltenes Exemplar. Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 1.

2 Hefte; Interims-Broschur, 23,5 x 16 cm, S. 1 - 176, IV, S. 177 - 310, 1 Tafel; unaufgeschnitten. Broschuren leicht gebrauchsspurig, innen sauber und sehr gut.

gr.8°, 441 S. mit einer Tafel und 10 Textfiguren, schwarzer original Halbleinen-Einband mit goldener Rückenbeschriftung und dunkelroten Wolkenpapierbezügen, schöner alterStempel 'Univ.-Institut für gerichtliche Medicin' auf der Titelseite oben, sonst ein altersgemäß schönes, sauberes Exemplar Ein Auflistung der enthaltenden Fachbeiträge mailen wir bei Bedarf gerne zu. Abholung im Ladengeschäft in Frankfurt am Main (Nordend ggü. Musterschule) möglich. Das spart die Portokosten. Pickup at the store in Frankfurt am Main (Nordend, close to Musterschule) is possible. It saves the shipping costs.

Soft cover. Zustand: Good. HAHN, Otto. "Die Transmutationder chemischen Elemente, ein Kapital physikalischer und chemische Zusammenarbeit" in "Die Naturwissenschaften", Berlin, Springer, vol 30, 24 April 1942, pp 245-250 in the weekly issue of pp 245-268. This is an extract of the complete weekly issue, complete with its original wrappers. GOOD copy. {[++] Also in this issue: Fritz Strassmann and Otto Hahn, "Uber die Isolierung und einige Eigenschaftendes element 94", pp 256-260.

Zustand: Gut. 474, 224 Seiten, 2 Tafeln Halbleinen der Zeit, Einband mit leichten Gebrauchsspuren. Schnitt etwas fleckig, innen sauber und gut mit nur leichten Gebrauchsspuren 002 Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 1010.

Zweite kaum veränderte Auflage. 8vo. 24 S. OKt. mit OSchU. Ecken und Kapitale geringfügig bestoßen, sonst gutes Exemplar. Aus dem Besitz des Medizinhistorikers Manfred Stürzbecher (1928 - 2020). Sprache: deutsch.

(Privatdruck). 8vo. 40 S. OKt. mit OSchU. Schutzumschlag geringfügig lichtrandig, sonst gutes Exemplar. Sprache: deutsch.

5 Interims-Broschuren, 23,5 x 16 cm, 1. Heft: S. 1 - 148; 2. Heft: IV, S. 149 - 305 S., 1 Tafel; 3. Heft: S. 1 - 166; 4. Heft: S. 167 - 326; Supplement: XIII, 318 S., 1 Bildniss von Fritz Strassmann, 3 Tafeln; unaufgeschnitten. Broschuren etwas gebrauchsspurig, papierbedingt leicht gebräunt, innen sauber und gut. Kompletter Jahrgang. Enthält u.a. im Supplementband den Titel: Die Schädigungen durch Röntgenstrahlungen und ihre strafrechtliche Beurteilung.

22,5x16,5 cm. HLwd. d. Zt. IV, 424 S., mit 7 Tafeln u. 26 Textfiguren. Der Einband etwas berieben und mit hs. Rückenschild. Durchgehend mit diversen Aufklebern (Größe ca. 3x2 cm), die leider auch einige Textstellen überkleben. **Achtung! wegen neuer US-Zollbestimmungen bis auf Widerruf kein Warenversand in die Vereinigten Sataaten von Amerika (USA)** Anm. zur Rechnungstellung: Die Buchpreise beinhalten die reduzierte MwSt von 7 %, diese wird gesondert ausgewiesen // Rechnungen für Kunstgegenstände wie Grafiken, Gemälde weisen gem. § 25a Abs.3 Satz 1 UStG (Differenzbesteuerung) bzw. § 25a Abs.3 Satz 2 UStG (Margenbesteuerung) keine MwSt aus (brutto = netto). Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 950 Dritte Folge, XXXVII. Band, Jahrgang 1909.

(22 x 15,5 cm). VIII, 776 S. Mit 332 Abbildungen. Halbleinwandband der Zeit. Erste Ausgabe. - "Es werden die bei der Bestrahlung von Thorium mit langsamen und schnellen Neutronen auftretenden Prozesse untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß vier Umwandlungsreihen auftreten. Die eine Reihe wird durch einen Anlagerungsprozeß ausgelöst, die drei anderen entstehen durch alpha-Strahlenabspaltung und stellen drei isomere Reihen dar" (Zusammenfassung). - "The compound nucleus would have interested Meitner in any case: its quantized vibrations were expected to account for gamma emission spectra, a field of interest to Meitner since the early 1920s. In a 1938 publication (the offered item) on the products of the neutron irradiation of thorium. Meitner concluded that no satisfactory theory existed for multiple inherited isomerism" (Sime, Lise Meitner S. 455). - Stempel auf Titel. Einband gering bestoßen und unteres Kapital leicht beschädigt, sonst gut erhalten.

rilegato. Zustand: Poor. Copertina rigida ombrata molto rovinata soprattutto sul dorso. Pagine ingiallite con abbondante fioritura e piccola annotazione in penna sul frontespizio. 1198 Mediocre (Poor) . Book.

Pflüger's Arch., 49. - Bonn, Verlag Emil Strauss, 1891, 8°, pp.315-330, orig. Broschur. Seltener Separat-Abdruck! Aus dem thierphysiologischen Laboratorium der landw. Hochschule zu Berlin. Fritz Straßmann (1858-1940) war ein deutscher Rechtsmediziner (?).

Zustand: Gut. Zweite kaum veränderte Auflage. 24 Seiten mit einem Bkildniks Hermann Braunes als Frontispiz sowie einigen Schwarz-weiß-Abbildungen, Orig.-Karton mit Orig.-Umschlag - guter Zustand - 1976. HK 13404 Buchversand erfolgt aus Deutschland. Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 120.

Zustand: Gut. 40 Seiten mit einem Bildnis des Autors als Frontispiz sowie einigen Schwarz-weiß-Abbildungen, Orig.-Karton mit Orig.-Umschlag - guter Zustand - 1993. HK 13405 Buchversand erfolgt aus Deutschland. Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 160.

1 Bl., 307 S. -Achtung: wegen des Wertes ist hier ein versicherter Versand mit Trackingnummer erforderlich. Bezüglich der Versandart und der hierfür notwendigen Kostenanpassung werden Sie informiert und um Akzeptanz gebeten.Die Zeitschrift erschien ab 1852 bis 1921 in 62 Jahrgängen. -Die Einbanddeckel und der Rücken leicht berieben, die Ebd.-Kanten etwas beschabt, die oberen Ecken minim. bestoßen mit leichter Übertragung auf einige Blattecken oben. Die Bibliotheksstempel auf dem Titelblatt des 1. Bandes und auf dem letzten Blatt des 2. Bandes überklebt, dadurch die jeweils gegenüberliegenden Stellen leicht gebräunt. Insgesamt sehr sauber und gut erhalten! **Achtung! wegen neuer US-Zollbestimmungen bis auf Widerruf kein Warenversand in die Vereinigten Sataaten von Amerika (USA)** Anm. zur Rechnungstellung: Die Buchpreise beinhalten die reduzierte MwSt von 7 %, diese wird gesondert ausgewiesen // Rechnungen für Kunstgegenstände wie Grafiken, Gemälde weisen gem. § 25a Abs.3 Satz 1 UStG (Differenzbesteuerung) bzw. § 25a Abs.3 Satz 2 UStG (Margenbesteuerung) keine MwSt aus (brutto = netto). Sprache: Deutsch Gewicht in Gramm: 610 23x15,3 cm. Blau marmor. Biblioth.-HLdr.-Ebd. d. Zt. mit aufgeklebtem, handgeschriebenen (Blst.) Rückenschild.

Zustand: Usato - Buono. 'Pp. XXII-1182 Con 202 Illustrazioni Nel Testo E Tre Tavole Litografiche A Colori Fuori Testo. Interessante, Tra L'Altro, La Parte Relativa all' Antropologia Criminale Con Alcune Riproduzioni dall 'Atlante Di Lombroso. La rilegatura È Un po'' ammaccata Lungo Gli Angoli, Titoli Lungo Il Dorso, Fioriture Lungo I Tagli. Buone Condizioni.'.

rilegato. Zustand: Buono (Good). Manuale di medicina legale. Prima traduzione italiana autorizzata dall'autore arricchita di note aggiunte e riferimenti alla legislazione civile e penale ed alla letteratura medico-legale italiana di un'Appendice sull'Antropologia criminale nei suoi rapporti con la medicina legale e di modelli di referti medici per il Dott. Mario Carrara. Lievi segni del tempo. Book.

8° Broschiert. Zustand: Gut. Broschierter Einband mit zwei Rückenklammern, 18 x 12 cm, leichte Randbräunung, kleiner Brandfleck auf Rückendeckel und letzter Seite, sauber und voll intakt. Strassmann arbeitete eng mit Otto Hahn zusammen und war mit diesem einer der Entdecker der Kernspaltung. Er forschte zeitlebens, auch nach dem Krieg, primär an den radiochemischen Grundlagen und setzte sich für eine friedliche Nutzung der Kernenergie ein. Als Mitglied der Göttinger Achtzehn" wandte er sich 1957 gegen die atomare Bewaffnung der Bundeswehr. Die vorliegende Reden-Abschrift war eine der ersten expliziten Äußerungen Strassmanns in diese Richtung. Stichworte: Fritz Strassmann, Atomphysik, Atomchemie, Nukleartechnologie 14 S. Deutsch 100g.

Hardcover. Zustand: gut. 1895. Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Medicin (Medizin) Gebundene Ausgabe von Dr. Fritz Strassmann (Autor) In deutscher Sprache. 680 pages.

4° Mit 78 Abbildungen und 1 farbigen Tafel. XI, 680 S. Halblederband der Zeit. -Kanten etwas berieben, insgesamt gut erhaltenes Exemplar. - Bibliothek des Arztes. Erste Ausgabe dieser wichtigen Veröffentlichung. - Fritz Strassmann (1858-1940) zählt zu den herausragenden Persönlichkeiten der Gerichtsmedizin. Enthält u. a. Zweifelhafte geschlechtliche Verhältnisse, Die gewaltsamen Todesursachen, Erstickung, Verbrennung, Erfrieren, Verhungern, traumatische Todesarten, Vergiftung, Die zweifelhaften Geisteszustände, Amt und Tätigkeit des Gerichtsarztes u. v. a.

Soft cover. Zustand: Good. HAHN, Otto and STRASSMANN, Fritz. "Uber den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle" ("On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by neutron irradiation of uranium.") In: Die Naturwissenschaften, vol. 27. 1939, 1 January, first issue of the new year. Berlin, J. Springer, 1939. 27x20cm. "In 1938 Hahn and Strassmann had demonstrated the presence of radioactive barium, lanthanum and cerium among the products of neutron bombardment of uranium, an observation that seemed to contradict all previous experiences of nuclear physics. The two men announced their puzzling findings in a paper, 'Ueber den Nachweis und das Verhalten.', published in 'Naturwissenschaften' on 6 January 1939" --(Norman Catalog).  See also PMM 422 (b) [++] The papers include: "Uber den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle , pp11-15. (AND) "Nachweis der Entstehung aktiver Bariumisotope aus Uran und Thorium durch Neutronenbestrahlung; Nachweis weiterer aktiver Bruchstücke bei der Uranspaltung, pp89-95. (AND)"Uber die Bruchstücke beim Zerplatzen des Urans" 163-164. (AND) "Zur Frage nach der Existenz der Trans-Urane, pp451-453. (AND) "Weitere Spaltprodukte aus der Bestrahlung des Urans mit Neutronen", pp529-534. (AND) "Uber einige Bruchstücke beim Zerplatzen des Thoriums" 544-547 (with S. Flugge). All are disbound from a larger bound volume and are in nice condition, offered in the full weekly issue. [++] The 1939 paper by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, published in Naturwissenschaften, is one of the most historically significant scientific papers of the 20th century reporting on the discovery of nuclear fission. Hahn and Strassmann had been bombarding uranium (U) with neutrons, expecting to produce elements heavier than uranium (transuranic elements). Instead, their chemical analysis revealed the presence of barium (Ba) an element with about half the atomic mass of uranium.

Hardcover. Zustand: Good. Hahn, Otto and Strassmann, Fritz. **6 papers in one volume on the discovery of nuclear fission** "Uber den Nachweis und das Verhalten her bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle" pp 11-15; "Nachweis weiterer aktiver Bruchstücke bei der Uranspaltung" pp 89-95; "Uber die Bruchstüke beim Zerplatzen des Urans" pp 163-4; "Zur Frage nach der Existenz der Trans-Urane" pp 451-3; "Weitere Spaltprodukte aus der Bestrahlung des Urans mit Neutronen" pp 529-535; "Ubereinige Bruchstucke beim Zerplatzen des Thoriums" pp 544-7. All in "Die Naturwissenschaften" 1939, Berlin, Springer, volume 27 (complete), 862,xviiipp. Cloth-backed marbled boards, with a paper label homemade cover and spine label. Very sturdy, VERY GOOD copy. [++] "The radiochemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann were bombarding elements with neutrons in their Berlin laboratory when they made an unexpected discovery. They found that while the nuclei of most elements changed somewhat during neutron bombardment, uranium nuclei changed greatly and broke into two roughly equal pieces. They split and became not the new transuranic elements that some thought Fermi had discovered but radioactive barium isotopes (barium has the atomic number 56) and fragments of the uranium itself. The substances Fermi had created in his experiments, that is, did more than resemble lighter elements; they were lighter elements. Importantly, the products of the Hahn-Strassmann experiment weighed less than that of the original uranium nucleus, and herein lay the primary significance of their findings. For it followed from Einstein's equation that the loss of mass resulting from the splitting process must have been converted into energy in the form of kinetic energy that could in turn be converted into heat. Calculations made by Hahn's former colleague, Lise Meitner, a refugee from Nazism then staying in Sweden, and her nephew, Otto Frisch, led to the conclusion that so much energy had been released that a previously undiscovered kind of process was at work. Frisch, borrowing the term for cell division in biology-binary fission-named the process fission.8 For his part, Fermi had produced fission in 1934 but had not recognized it."--The Atomic Archive. The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb Part I: Physics Background, 1919-1939, The Discovery of Fission: Hahn and Strassmann. [++] "In December 1938, over Christmas vacation, physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch made a startling discovery that would immediately revolutionize nuclear physics and lead to the atomic bomb. Trying to explain a puzzling finding made by nuclear chemist Otto Hahn in Berlin, Meitner and Frisch realized that something previously thought impossible was actually happening: that a uranium nucleus had split in two.In December 1938, Hahn and Strassmann, continuing their experiments bombarding uranium with neutrons, found what appeared to be isotopes of barium among the decay products. They couldn't explain it, since it was thought that a tiny neutron couldn't possibly cause the nucleus to crack in two to produce much lighter elements. Hahn sent a letter to Meitner describing the puzzling finding.Over the Christmas holiday, Meitner had a visit from her nephew, Otto Frisch, a physicist who worked in Copenhagen at Niels Bohr's institute. Meitner shared Hahn's letter with Frisch. They knew that Hahn was a good chemist and had not made a mistake, but the results didn't make sense. They went for a walk in the snow to talk about the matter, Frisch on skis, Meitner keeping up on foot. They stopped at a tree stump to do some calculations. Meitner suggested they view the nucleus like a liquid drop, following a model that had been proposed earlier by the Russian physicist George Gamow and then further promoted by Bohr. Frisch, who was better at visualizing things.[Contact me for full description--ran out of space.].

20 S. 4°, Brosch. in Hardcover-Decke, innen mit Buntpapierbezug. Einband hinten leicht berieben, unten gr. Fehlstelle. Papier gebräunt und lichtrandig. Insgesamt noch guter Zustand. Bibliotheksexemplar Stempel und Signatur im Titel. 1000 gr.

Soft cover. Zustand: Fine. 1st Edition. First Complete Account of Nuclear Fission Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, "Uber das Zerplatzen des Urankerns durch langsame Neutronen", offprint from: "Abhandlungen der Pressischen Akademie der Wissenschaften", 1939, No. 12. 20pp. Original wrappers. Near-fine copy, housed in a newly made calf clamshell box. Lovely production. [++] "Friedrich Wilhelm Strassmann (1902-1980) .with Otto Hahn (1879-1968) in December 1938 identified the element barium as a product of the bombardment of uranium with neutrons. Their observation was the key piece of evidence necessary to identify the previously unknown phenomenon of nuclear fission, as was subsequently recognized and published by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch."--Wikipedia. Hahn was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1944 for his work on fission ("for his discovery of the fission of heavy atomic nuclei"). Hahn the fifth Nobelist to be incarcerated at the time of their award--the other four were recipients of the NP for peace. The greater trivia question answer in Hahn is that he was incarcerated at the time with TWO other Nobelists (von Laue and Heisenberg) at the same time, at (big clue) Farm HAll. [++] "In 1938, after hearing of a report that neutron bombardment had resulted in a new radioactive element with a 3½ hour half-life, German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann conducted experiments that created a participate they believed contained radium isotopes, and reported this in late 1938. In December, they discovered that there was in fact no radium present in the precipitate. What they had thought was radium was in fact a radioactive isotope of barium, a medium-weight element. The presence of radioactive barium rather than radium meant that uranium must have been split into two nearly equal fragments. They had no idea how this had happened, but were certain of their finding and communicated their discovery to the German publication "Die Naturwissenschaften." Later the same year, Hahn and Strassmann published the first comprehensive account of the phenomenon of nuclear fission."--David Wenner, History of Physics Collection.

Softcover. Zustand: Near Fine. Two offprints. Quartos. The first and third of Hahn and Strassmann's three important papers on nuclear fission (the bursting of the uranium nucleus by slow neutrons), from the series: Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, (1939, No. 12; and 1944, No. 12). Both copies are in the original printed wrappers, in near fine condition with light toning at the edges. Both papers give a comprehensive account of their discovery of "the fission of uranium and thorium in medium heavy atomic nuclei". Hahn received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1944. An attractive pair of scarce offprints in the original, bright wrappers.

Hardcover. First edition. DIBNER 168: NUCLEAR FISSION - THE TRUE OFFPRINT ISSUES. First edition, the true offprint issues, i.e., in orange wrappers, of the three fundamental papers on nuclear fission which eventually lead to the creation of the atom bomb. ??experiments conducted in 1938 at Berlin by Hahn and Strassman [sic] were reported to Lise Meitner, an Austrian scientist who had fled to Copenhagen to escape religious persecution. She and her nephew, O. R. Frisch, working in Niels Bohr?s laboratory, found the true explanation of these phenomena. The interpolation of a neutron into the nucleus of a uranium atom caused it to divide into two parts and to release energy amounting to about 200,000,000 electron volts. This process bore such a close similarity to the division of a living cell that Frisch suggested the use of the term ?fission? to describe it? (PMM). ?Hahn and Strassmann published this article [i.e. the 1939 paper] that started scientists down the path to the atomic bomb. Originally working with Lise Meitner who was forced to flee Nazi Germany in 1938, they had been working with uranium and bombarding samples with slow neutrons. They realized that this caused the uranium atoms to split into lighter nuclei and releasing large amounts of energy, and the implications were not lost to a world at war? (Dibner). Hahn received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry ?for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei.? Hahn and Meitner worked together at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute (KWI) of Chemistry in Berlin from 1912, discovering the new element protactinium in 1918; Strassmann joined them there in 1929 and G?tte in 1935. When, after the First World War, limitations for women in the academic world were lifted, Meitner became professor at the KWI; Hahn became its director in 1928. ?In 1934 [Enrico] Fermi roused the world of radioactivity with his method of neutron bombardment and that same year reported on the possible production of transuranic elements by irradiating uranium with neutrons. The irradiation had led to radioactive substances with different half-lives such as 10s, 40s, 13min, and 90min. Fermi?s group had separated the 13-min and 90-min ?bodies? chemically from uranium and had shown that they were not isotopes of elements, which are located only a few places below uranium in the Periodic Table ? they assumed that the uranium nucleus with the extra neutron transformed, via beta decay, into a nucleus of an element with the number 93 in the Periodic Table. That could still be unstable and transit, by another beta decay, into a nucleus of element 94. ?The idea of more than 92 elements was, of course, contested. Ida Noddack, a renowned chemist and co-discoverer of the element rhenium, pointed out that all known elements had to be excluded before new ones were proposed. This very sound advice was not taken. Nuclear physicists saw no possibility for a nucleus to fragment into large pieces. Nothing more drastic than alpha decay had ever been observed. Another way out was also proposed: in spite of Fermi?s interpretation, his 13-min body might be an isotope of protactinium, element number 91. Here Hahn and [Lisa] Meitner came in. After all, they were discoverers of protactinium and knew the properties of this element. They were able to show that the activity in question was not due to protactinium and became convinced that transuranic elements had been produced. They began intensive work in this new field, from 1935 onwards together with Strassmann ? Quite a number of substances with different half-lives and different chemical properties were found in uranium irradiated with neutrons. A detailed scheme for their production was proposed, which implied the creation and subsequent decay of four, possibly five, transuranic elements. It was not seriously challenged by other groups working in the field. ?When Austria was annexed in 1938, Lise Meitner became a German citizen and, because of her Jewish descent, was in acute danger. Helped by Hahn and other colleagues, she fled via Holland and Denmark to Sweden, where she could work in the Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. ?Hahn and Strassmann continued alone. The decay products of the apparent transuranic elements seemed to contain three substances, which underwent beta decays of different half-lives and were chemically very similar to barium. They were taken to be isomeric nuclei of the isotope Ra231 of radium. Radium is an alkaline-earth metal as is barium and is located below barium in the second column of the Periodic Table, hence the similarity. Hahn and Strassmann tried to isolate the radium. Since only minute quantities could have been produced, a precipitation with barium as carrier from a solution was performed; the barium was to carry along the chemically similar radium. The precipitate then only contained barium and radium, which were to be separated in the next step. As mentioned above, Hahn was well versed in the method of separation, fractional crystallization, originally introduced by Marie Curie. But although they tried hard and checked and rechecked their method, Hahn and Strassmann were unable to separate any radium by chemical means. In their first paper they still conclude rather cautiously: ?We come to the conclusion: Our ?radium isotopes? have the properties of barium; as chemists we should rather say the new bodies are not radium but barium. [. . . ] As ?nuclear chemists?, in a certain sense close to nuclear physics, we cannot yet decide ourselves to perform this step contradicting all previous experience of nuclear physics. A series of strange coincidences might still have faked our results.? ?Hahn had kept Meitner informed by letter about the work and he mailed her a copy of the manuscript of the paper on 21 December 1938, the same day it was submitted to Die Naturwissenschaften. The manuscript reached her in a small town near Gothenburg, where she had gone to visit Swedish friends over Christmas and where she had a.

Hardcover. First edition. NUCLEAR FISSION. First edition, offprint issues, of the three fundamental papers on nuclear fission which eventually lead to the creation of the atom bomb. ??experiments conducted in 1938 at Berlin by Hahn and Strassman [sic] were reported to Lise Meitner, an Austrian scientist who had fled to Copenhagen to escape religious persecution. She and her nephew, O. R. Frisch, working in Niels Bohr?s laboratory, found the true explanation of these phenomena. The interpolation of a neutron into the nucleus of a uranium atom caused it to divide into two parts and to release energy amounting to about 200,000,000 electron volts. This process bore such a close similarity to the division of a living cell that Frisch suggested the use of the term ?fission? to describe it? (PMM). ?Hahn and Strassmann published this article [i.e. the 1939 paper] that started scientists down the path to the atomic bomb. Originally working with Lise Meitner who was forced to flee Nazi Germany in 1938, they had been working with uranium and bombarding samples with slow neutrons. They realized that this caused the uranium atoms to split into lighter nuclei and releasing large amounts of energy, and the implications were not lost to a world at war? (Dibner). Hahn received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry ?for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei.? Hahn and Meitner worked together at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute (KWI) of Chemistry in Berlin from 1912, discovering the new element protactinium in 1918; Strassmann joined them there in 1929 and G?tte in 1935. When, after the First World War, limitations for women in the academic world were lifted, Meitner became professor at the KWI; Hahn became its director in 1928. ?In 1934 [Enrico] Fermi roused the world of radioactivity with his method of neutron bombardment and that same year reported on the possible production of transuranic elements by irradiating uranium with neutrons. The irradiation had led to radioactive substances with different half-lives such as 10s, 40s, 13min, and 90min. Fermi?s group had separated the 13-min and 90-min ?bodies? chemically from uranium and had shown that they were not isotopes of elements, which are located only a few places below uranium in the Periodic Table ? they assumed that the uranium nucleus with the extra neutron transformed, via beta decay, into a nucleus of an element with the number 93 in the Periodic Table. That could still be unstable and transit, by another beta decay, into a nucleus of element 94. ?The idea of more than 92 elements was, of course, contested. Ida Noddack, a renowned chemist and co-discoverer of the element rhenium, pointed out that all known elements had to be excluded before new ones were proposed. This very sound advice was not taken. Nuclear physicists saw no possibility for a nucleus to fragment into large pieces. Nothing more drastic than alpha decay had ever been observed. Another way out was also proposed: in spite of Fermi?s interpretation, his 13-min body might be an isotope of protactinium, element number 91. Here Hahn and [Lisa] Meitner came in. After all, they were discoverers of protactinium and knew the properties of this element. They were able to show that the activity in question was not due to protactinium and became convinced that transuranic elements had been produced. They began intensive work in this new field, from 1935 onwards together with Strassmann ? Quite a number of substances with different half-lives and different chemical properties were found in uranium irradiated with neutrons. A detailed scheme for their production was proposed, which implied the creation and subsequent decay of four, possibly five, transuranic elements. It was not seriously challenged by other groups working in the field. ?When Austria was annexed in 1938, Lise Meitner became a German citizen and, because of her Jewish descent, was in acute danger. Helped by Hahn and other colleagues, she fled via Holland and Denmark to Sweden, where she could work in the Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. ?Hahn and Strassmann continued alone. The decay products of the apparent transuranic elements seemed to contain three substances, which underwent beta decays of different half-lives and were chemically very similar to barium. They were taken to be isomeric nuclei of the isotope Ra231 of radium. Radium is an alkaline-earth metal as is barium and is located below barium in the second column of the Periodic Table, hence the similarity. Hahn and Strassmann tried to isolate the radium. Since only minute quantities could have been produced, a precipitation with barium as carrier from a solution was performed; the barium was to carry along the chemically similar radium. The precipitate then only contained barium and radium, which were to be separated in the next step. As mentioned above, Hahn was well versed in the method of separation, fractional crystallization, originally introduced by Marie Curie. But although they tried hard and checked and rechecked their method, Hahn and Strassmann were unable to separate any radium by chemical means. In their first paper they still conclude rather cautiously: ?We come to the conclusion: Our ?radium isotopes? have the properties of barium; as chemists we should rather say the new bodies are not radium but barium. [. . . ] As ?nuclear chemists?, in a certain sense close to nuclear physics, we cannot yet decide ourselves to perform this step contradicting all previous experience of nuclear physics. A series of strange coincidences might still have faked our results.? ?Hahn had kept Meitner informed by letter about the work and he mailed her a copy of the manuscript of the paper on 21 December 1938, the same day it was submitted to Die Naturwissenschaften. The manuscript reached her in a small town near Gothenburg, where she had gone to visit Swedish friends over Christmas and where she had also invited her nephew Otto Frisch. We have already met him as collaborato.

Zustand: New. In.

Hardback. Zustand: New. Reprint 2020 ed.